L'Américanité/Americanness, as an absolute, eludes mapping, but it still exudes fascination and fantasy. This enquiry, built as a Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) course, narrows the impossible scope by singling out three differently born diasporas, in an attempt to foster and hone cultural, literary and international literacy. Lire la suite
L'Américanité/Americanness, as an absolute, eludes mapping, but it still exudes fascination and fantasy. This enquiry, built as a Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) course, narrows the impossible scope by singling out three differently born diasporas, in an attempt to foster and hone cultural, literary and international literacy in Higher Education students or independent readers.
Counterpoints: Cultural Immersion weaves together their traumas, trials and dilemmas in a made-up poetic and musical play. Viewpoints: Linguistic Production involves in-class trainees or autonomous learners in thought-provoking activities designed to scaffold literacy and sharpen proficiency. Focal-Points: Essays on Distinctiveness expounds the three groups’ unique legacy within Early America (1619-1919).
How marginalized groups reinvent themselves not only speaks volumes about their vitality, it also lays bare their adoptive country’s workings, which they in turn re-shape.
Acknowledgements iii
Part I. General Introduction . 16
Analytical Framework for the Study of Electoral Candidate Lists. .......20
Section I. Candidate Lists and Representation . 20
1.1. What Are Electoral Lists? 20
1.2. Why Candidate Lists Matter .... 34
Section II. The variation of electoral lists in their composition. ....... 40
1.3. Electoral Candidate Lists and Political Recruitment: the Demand Side ... 41
1.4. Electoral Candidate Lists and Applicants: The Supply Side .... 48
1.5. Opportunity Structures .... 53
1.6. Candidate Lists and Electoral Performance ...... 55
Section III. Conclusion: Lists as Mirrors to the Nation . 56
Research Strategy: Case, Design, and Data... 60
Section I. Case Selection ........... 60
2.1. The Context of Belgium .............. 61
2.2. The Electoral System .. 95
2.3. The Requirements for Becoming a Candidate.............. 101
Section II. Method and operationalisation ....... 112
2.4. Purposes of the research ..... 112
2.5. The Conceptualization, Operationalisation, and Measurement ...114
2.6. Data Collection ....116
2.7. Conclusion ..120
Part II. Introduction: Candidates on Electoral Lists........................... 122
Chapter 3. The Balance of Lists in terms of Gender .. 130
3.1. Chapter Introduction ........... 130
3.2. Data Collection and Indicators of Gender Balance .... 132
3.3. Gender by Party and Level ..... 134
3.4. Inferential Analysis 167
3.5. Conclusions About Female Representation on Electoral Lists . 174
Chapter 4. The Balance of Lists in terms of Ethnicity ... 178
4.1. Introduction.. 178
4.2. What's in a Name: Data Collection and Indicators of Ethnicity..... 179
4.3. Ethnicity by Party and Level.... 181
4.4. Inferential Analysis .......... 206
4.5. Concluding Remarks About CIOs on Lists ................... 211
Chapter 5. The Balance of Lists in terms of Age .... 214
5.1. Age in the Mirror ....... 214
5.2. Data Collection and Indicator of Age Balance ............. 216
5.3. Age by Party and Level ................. 217
5.4. Inferential Analysis ..................... 248
5.5. Conclusion: too Young to Play, too Old to Stay ........... 252
Chapter 6. The Balance of Lists in terms of Occupation ... 256
6.1. Occupation on the Lists ....... 256
6.2. Data Collection and Indicators for the Balances of Occupation ...... 257
6.3. What Occupation for Occupying a Place on a List? ....... 260
6.4. Conclusions on the Occupation of Candidates ... 283
Chapter 7. The Balance of Lists in terms of Localness .. 290
7.1. There’s No Place Like Home ...... 290
7.2. Data Collection and Indicators .............. 292
7.3. Localness by Level and Party .................. 294
7.4. Inferential Statistics ......................... 308
7.5. Campaigning to Enhance Representation...................... 312
7.6. Geographically Balanced Lists and Descriptive Representation: a Conclusion. ...... 319
Part III. Introduction: Does it Pay Off? .... 322
Chapter 8. The Balance of Lists and Electoral Performance ..... 324
8.1. Selecting for Winning ..................... 324
8.2. Data, Hypotheses, and Models. ........ 325
8.3. Results and Discussion ............................................ 329
8.4. Chapter Conclusion ..................................... 334
Conclusion: No Descriptive Representation, but Pluralism..... 338
Bibliography ............. 350
Annexes ...................... I
Indexes ......... A