Paix ou guerre ?
La perspective multilatérale européenne en question
Editie 1
Ce livre offre une reconstruction critique de l'histoire de l’idée et de la pratique du multilatéralisme, une analyse comparative des nombreuses organisations régionales multilatérales et une discussion des tendances et des perspectives d’un renouveau visant à surmonter le dangereux contexte actuel des politiques de puissance multipolaires. Lees verder
En se concentrant sur l'évolution des interactions entre l’Europe et le multilatéralisme, il vise à frayer une voie théorique novatrice permettant de dépasser le débat traditionnel entre l’idéalisme eurocosmopolitique et le réalisme centré sur l’État-nation.
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- Uitgever
- Académie royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique
- Auteur
- Mario Telò,
- Taal
- Frans
- Categorie uitgever
- > Economische en sociale wetenschappen > Politieke en sociale wetenschappen
- BISAC Subject Heading
- POL000000 POLITICAL SCIENCE
- BIC subject category (UK)
- G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects > J Society & social sciences
- CLIL (2013)
- 3801 OUVRAGES DE DOCUMENTATION > 3283 SCIENCES POLITIQUES
- Voor het eerst gepubliceerd
- 03 juli 2024
- Type werk
- Monografie
Paperback
- Publicatie datum
- 01 januari 2008
- ISBN-13
- 9782874631276
- Omvang
- Aantal pagina's hoofdinhoud : 184
- Code
- 78631
- Formaat
- 16 x 24 x 1,1 cm
- Gewicht
- 303 grams
- Aanbevolen verkoopprijs
- 16,00 €
- ONIX XML
- Version 2.1, Version 3
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CHAPTER I GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1
1. Context 1
2. Wear of polymer materials 2
2.1. Classification 2
2.2. Two case studies: 3
2.2.1. The weathering of polymer coatings 3
2.2.2. The abrasive wear of polymers 8
2.3. Common wear measuring methods 12
3. Wear measurement using Radionuclide Techniques 12
3.1. Activation of materials 14
3.1.1. Activation based on nuclear reactions induced in the wear parts 14
3.1.2. Radioactive Ion Implantation 16
3.1.3. Calibration curves 17
3.2. Wear measurement methods 18
3.2.1. Concentration method 18
3.2.2. Difference method 19
3.3. Advantages over other wear measuring methods and applications 21
3.4. Radionuclide techniques and polymers 22
4. Thermoplastic elastomers 23
4.1. General considerations 23
4.2. Industrial applications 25
4.3. The SEPS block copolymer (Hybrar 7125) 26
5. Thesis overview 28
6. References 31
CHAPTER II ION IMPLANTATION – SOME THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS 39
1. Introduction 39
2. Interactions between ion beams and polymers: ion irradiation and ion implantation 40
2.1. Phenomena and specific parameters 40
2.1.1. Energy loss mechanisms 40
2.1.2. Stopping power 42
2.1.3. Range and range straggling 45
2.2. Physico-chemical modifications 46
2.2.1. Primary phenomena 46
2.2.2. Parameters influencing physico-chemical modifications 49
2.2.3. Macroscopic modifications 54
3. Redistribution of the implanted ions 55
3.1. Possible experimental techniques 56
3.2. Bibliographic review of experimental results and theoretical aspects 58
4. Radioactive ion implantation, the special case of radioactive emissions 60
4.1. The radioactive decay 60
4.2. 7Be radioactive decay 62
4.3. Electromagnetic radiation and matter 63
5. References 66
CHAPTER III BE7 ION IMPLANTATION IN POLYMERS - EXPERIMENTAL IMPLANTATION PROFILE 77
1. Introduction 77
2. Experimental section 78
2.1. Copolymer foils preparation 78
2.2. Energy degraders thickness measurement 79
2.3. Experimental and simulated energy distributions 82
2.4. Ion implantation in SEPS foils 83
2.5. Activity measurements 84
3. Results and discussion 84
3.1. Energy degraders thickness measurement 84
3.2. Experimental and simulated energy distributions 86
3.3. Experimental stopping power of 7Be ions in aluminium 90
3.4. Implantation profile of Be7in SEPS 93
4. Conclusions 101
5. References 102
CHAPTER IV PHYSICO-CHEMICAL MODIFICATIONS OF ION IMPLANTED POLYMER 103
1. Introduction 103
2. Experimental section 104
2.1. Copolymer films preparation 104
2.2. Ion implantations 104
2.2.1. 7Be and 7Li ion implantation 104
2.2.2. Kr ion implantation 105
2.3. Exposure to the radioactive emission 106
2.4. Characterisation techniques 106
2.4.1. Optical microscopy 106
2.4.2. Atomic Force Microscopy 107
2.4.3. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 107
2.4.4. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 108
3. Results and discussion 108
3.1. 7Be and 7Li ions – implantation and radioactive emission 108
3.1.1. Optical microscopy 108
3.1.2. Atomic force microscopy 108
3.1.3. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 109
3.1.4. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 114
3.2. Kr ion implantation 114
3.2.1. Optical microscopy 116
3.2.2. Atomic force microscopy 118
3.2.3. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 120
3.2.4. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 123
4. Conclusion 127
5. References 128
CHAPTER V IMPLANTED 7BE IONS DIFFUSION IN SEPS COPOLYMER 131
1. Introduction 131
2. Plasma etching 133
2.1. Generalities 133
2.2. Plasma etching of polymers 133
2.2.1. Plasma parameters influencing the etching rates of polymers 135
2.2.2. Etching rate versus chemical structure 137
2.2.3. Etching rate versus physical properties 137
3. Experimental section 138
3.1. Copolymer films preparation 138
3.2. Ion implantation 138
3.3. Plasma etching 139
3.4. Radioactivity measurements 140
3.5. Thickness measurement by ellipsometry 141
3.6. AFM 141
4. Results and discussion 141
4.1. Etching rates 141
4.2. Roughness 145
4.3. Diffusion of the implanted ions 150
5. Conclusion 154
6. References 156
CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES 161
ANNEXE A ION IMPLANTATION EXPERIMENTS 165
ANNEXE B CORRECTING FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (FT-IR) SPECTRA 167