Belgium Abroad

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Introduction 5
Edouard Xia & Marion Jacques
From Telex to AI 9
Françoise Gustin
1. The Fall of the Berlin Wall 9
2. The web and fake news 10
3. Respect for public law and the multilateral system 11
BELGIUM'S DEFENSE POLICY UNDER THE ARIZONA GOVERNMENT: ONE YEAR ON 13
Belgium’s Defense Policy Under the Arizona Government 15
Marion Jacques
The Defense Policy of the Arizona Government 21
Tom Sauer
1. The rise of the defense budget 21
2. More emphasis on nuclear weapons 24
3. A whole of society approach 25
4. Explaining the differences 26
Essential Legal Reforms in an Uncertain Geopolitical Context 29
Nicolas Bernard
1. Introduction: at the source 29
2. Missions 30
3. Resources 36
4. Conclusion: at war? 43
Strategic Prudence in the Sahel under the Arizona Government 45
Michel Liégeois
1. The Sahel as a theatre of strategic uncertainty 45
2. Belgium as a medium power: structural constraints 47
3. Strategic prudence as a policy choice 48
4. Strategic prudence or strategic indecision? 50
5. Prudence and the costs of engagement 51
6. The paradox of prudence: influence without visibility? 52
7. Implications for defense policy under the Arizona government 53
8. Conclusion 54
THE ROLE OF HUMANITARIAN AID IN BELGIUM’S INTERNATIONAL ENGAGEMENT 57
One Last Dance? 59
Alexandre Piron
1. A much-needed humanitarian strategy 60
2. Will Belgium keep the rhythm? 64
Belgium Stays and Chooses Dignity, Humanity and Hope 67
Edouard Xia & Alexandre Piron
The European Union’s Engagement in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Settings 71
Jean-Louis De Brouwer
IMPLEMENTING GENDER NORMS IN PRACTICE: BELGIAN DIPLOMACY AND DEFENSE UNDER SCRUTINY 75
Commitment Versus Glass Ceiling 77
Clara Laduron
1. The inclusion of the gender topic in the international sphere 77
2. The inclusion of the gender topic in Belgian politics 79
3. Conclusion 83
Norms in Uniform 85
Delphine Resteigne
1. Andocentric societies 85
2. From similarity to complementarity 87
3. Mirroring society? 89
4. Fifty years of change: gender integration at the Belgian Defense 91
5. Empirical findings 95
6. Pathways to substantive inclusion 97
Boots on the Ground 99
Françoise Verbanck
Gender Equality: Global Promises versus National Realities 103
Bénédicte Frankinet
FOREIGN REPRESENTATION IN A FEDERAL STATE: BALANCING FEDERAL AND FEDERATED VOICES 107
What Do the External Relations of Federated Entities Indicate About Belgian
Federalism? 109
151
Edouard Xia
The Cooperation Agreement of 8 March 1994 113
Xavier Dabe
1. Origins 113
2. The cooperation agreement of 8 March 1994 116
3. Contemporary issues 119
4. Conclusions 124
Belgium’s Sub-State External Relations and the Emergence of Multilevel
Diplomacy 127
Edouard Xia
1. A brief overview of subnational diplomacy in Belgium 128
2. A multilevel diplomacy 133
3. Conclusion 139
The Academia Belgica in Rome 141
Cécile Evers
1. Historical background 141
2. Mission, vision and core activities 142
3. Collaboration with Belgian diplomacy 143
4. In conclusion 144
Acknowledgements 145
Authors 147
Table of content 149