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			<TitleText>Thèses de l'Université catholique de Louvain (UCL)</TitleText>
			
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		<TitleText>The Semiotic Infrastructure of Financial Markets</TitleText>
		
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		<Subtitle>A Sociological Inquiry into Valuation Practices</Subtitle>
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		<PersonName>Tom Duterme</PersonName> 
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		<BiographicalNote language="fre" textformat="02">&lt;p&gt;Tom Duterme is a researcher in economic sociology. At the crossroads of the Social Studies of Finance and the economics of convention, his work focuses on the devices on which traders and asset managers rely to base their decisions, such as stock market indices. He has published on these topics in the &lt;em&gt;Journal of Cultural Economy&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Economy and Society&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</BiographicalNote>
		
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		<Text language="fre" textformat="02">&lt;p&gt;This thesis sheds light on the valuation practices of financial market participants in three stages. First, a socio-historical approach outlines the conditions in which market participants operate today. The scope of buying and selling decisions has been amplified by the computerization of markets. These decisions are also increasingly taken on by a particular type of actor, due to the "asset management revolution". Secondly, the valuation practices of market participants are clarified through an analysis of the main valuation supports used: the Bloomberg Terminal, stock market indices, central bank announcements and oil benchmarks. The influence of these supports was sometimes recognized, but the context of their emergence and the modalities of this influence remained poorly identified. Thirdly, we draw out some of the implications of the power of these valuation tools for the functioning of financial markets. Produced by a handful of financial information companies, the conventions studied give these companies a quasi-regulatory role in the markets. This other facet of financial regulation, less visible than legislation, cannot be ignored in reform proposals aimed at making markets more stable or sustainable.&lt;/p&gt;
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		<Text language="fre" textformat="02">&lt;p&gt;This thesis sheds light on the valuation practices of financial market participants in three stages. First, a socio-historical approach outlines the conditions in which market participants operate today. The scope of buying and selling decisions has been amplified by the computerization of markets. These decisions are also increasingly taken on by a particular type of actor, due to the "asset management revolution". Secondly, the valuation practices of market participants are clarified through an analysis of the main valuation supports used: the Bloomberg Terminal, stock market indices, central bank announcements and oil benchmarks. The influence of these supports was sometimes recognized, but the context of their emergence and the modalities of this influence remained poorly identified. Thirdly, we draw out some of the implications of the power of these valuation tools for the functioning of financial markets. Produced by a handful of financial information companies, the conventions studied give these companies a quasi-regulatory role in the markets. This other facet of financial regulation, less visible than legislation, cannot be ignored in reform proposals aimed at making markets more stable or sustainable.&lt;/p&gt;
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		<Text language="fre">This thesis sheds light on the valuation practices of financial market participants in three stages. First, a socio-historical approach outlines the conditions in which market participants operate today. Secondly, the valuation practices of market participants are clarified through an analysis of the main valuation supports used. Thirdly...</Text>
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		<Text language="eng" textformat="02">&lt;p&gt;This thesis sheds light on the valuation practices of financial market participants in three stages. First, a socio-historical approach outlines the conditions in which market participants operate today. The scope of buying and selling decisions has been amplified by the computerization of markets. These decisions are also increasingly taken on by a particular type of actor, due to the "asset management revolution". Secondly, the valuation practices of market participants are clarified through an analysis of the main valuation supports used: the Bloomberg Terminal, stock market indices, central bank announcements and oil benchmarks. The influence of these supports was sometimes recognized, but the context of their emergence and the modalities of this influence remained poorly identified. Thirdly, we draw out some of the implications of the power of these valuation tools for the functioning of financial markets. Produced by a handful of financial information companies, the conventions studied give these companies a quasi-regulatory role in the markets. This other facet of financial regulation, less visible than legislation, cannot be ignored in reform proposals aimed at making markets more stable or sustainable.&lt;/p&gt;</Text>
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		<Text language="eng" textformat="02">&lt;p&gt;This thesis sheds light on the valuation practices of financial market participants in three stages. First, a socio-historical approach outlines the conditions in which market participants operate today. The scope of buying and selling decisions has been amplified by the computerization of markets. These decisions are also increasingly taken on by a particular type of actor, due to the "asset management revolution". Secondly, the valuation practices of market participants are clarified through an analysis of the main valuation supports used: the Bloomberg Terminal, stock market indices, central bank announcements and oil benchmarks. The influence of these supports was sometimes recognized, but the context of their emergence and the modalities of this influence remained poorly identified. Thirdly, we draw out some of the implications of the power of these valuation tools for the functioning of financial markets. Produced by a handful of financial information companies, the conventions studied give these companies a quasi-regulatory role in the markets. This other facet of financial regulation, less visible than legislation, cannot be ignored in reform proposals aimed at making markets more stable or sustainable.&lt;/p&gt;</Text>
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		<Text textformat="02">&lt;p&gt;Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... 5&lt;br /&gt;
General introduction................................................................................................................... 7&lt;br /&gt;
I. Towards a sociology of financial markets ................................................................................. 10&lt;br /&gt;
1. A theory of financial decision-making ...................................................................................11&lt;br /&gt;
2. A theory of financial markets ................................................................................................ 29&lt;br /&gt;
3. An inquiry into the semiotic infrastructure of financial markets........................................... 69&lt;br /&gt;
II. Methodological journey......................................................................................................... 77&lt;br /&gt;
1. In search of "financiers" ........................................................................................................ 79&lt;br /&gt;
2. Decoding valuation pratices .................................................................................................. 89&lt;br /&gt;
III. A sociology of valuation practices ...................................................................................... 105&lt;br /&gt;
1. The new rules of the game................................................................................................... 106&lt;br /&gt;
2. The players and their tools .................................................................................................. 109&lt;br /&gt;
3. The other masters of the game..............................................................................................116&lt;br /&gt;
Part I. Reconfiguration of the financial "milieu" ................................................................... 118&lt;br /&gt;
Chapter I: The new frontiers of the financial community ................................................................119&lt;br /&gt;
1. The reform of Belgian financial markets: an “imperative necessity”?................................ 121&lt;br /&gt;
2. Do modern stock exchanges emerge from competition? Evidence from the “Belgian Big Bang”........................................................................................................................................... 147&lt;br /&gt;
3. The fall of European stock exchanges as trading venues .................................................... 168&lt;br /&gt;
Chapter II: New market leaders.................................................................................................... 172&lt;br /&gt;
1. Investment funds in Belgium............................................................................................... 174&lt;br /&gt;
Perspectives ............................................................................................................................. 254&lt;br /&gt;
The new “milieu” of financial valuation ......................................................................................... 257&lt;br /&gt;
Part II. Financial valuation supports ...................................................................................... 259&lt;br /&gt;
Chapter III: The Bloomberg Terminal ............................................................................................. 261&lt;br /&gt;
1. Bloomberg and the GameStop saga: The fear of stock market democracy ......................... 262&lt;br /&gt;
2. The market according to Bloomberg: a wrong frame? ........................................................ 285&lt;br /&gt;
Chapter IV: Stock market indices in the making ............................................................................. 295&lt;br /&gt;
1. The engineering of stock market indices: winners and losers ............................................. 296&lt;br /&gt;
Chapter V: Stock market indices in the trading room...................................................................... 316&lt;br /&gt;
1. The Semiosis of Stock Market Indices: Taking Charles Sanders Peirce to a Trading Room 317&lt;br /&gt;
Chapter VI: The semiotic turn of central banks............................................................................... 335&lt;br /&gt;
1. Convincing the market. Belgian central bankers at the test of globalization ...................... 336&lt;br /&gt;
Chapter VII: The mystery of ambiguous central bank announcements........................................... 360&lt;br /&gt;
1. How central banks cope with price instabilities: Ambiguous inflation targets as&lt;br /&gt;
organizational compromise ......................................................................................................... 361&lt;br /&gt;
Chapter VIII: The financial price of oil ........................................................................................... 381&lt;br /&gt;
1. Sociology of the Price of Crude Oil .................................................................................... 383&lt;br /&gt;
General conclusion ................................................................................................................. 394&lt;br /&gt;
The sociological foundations of financial conventions ................................................................... 394&lt;br /&gt;
From financial conventions to market regulation............................................................................ 399&lt;br /&gt;
Appendix ................................................................................................................................ 415&lt;br /&gt;
I. Comics trip: “Le voyage du capital” ....................................................................................... 415&lt;br /&gt;
II. Methodological note on Belgian investment funds ............................................................. 427&lt;br /&gt;
References .............................................................................................................................. 429&lt;br /&gt;
Articles and communications making up this thesis ....................................................................... 429&lt;br /&gt;
References quoted in this thesis ................................................................................................... 430&lt;/p&gt;</Text>
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